SOUTH BANKSY

I took these pictures of wall art by Loretto in south London.  They're from a small area: New Cross, Peckham and Nunhead. It's not surprising that someone should copy Banksy - it's suprising that there should be so few people copying him.

If not for the signatures, you might think for a moment these were by Banksy, but, once you know they're not, you see, at least in two of the pictures, a less sardonic wit.  The friendly policeman, happy in his destiny, is so not Banksy, and the hurrying commuter, about to be struck by Cupid, is also too nice for him.  But the chilling "My Plan B" shows that Loretto has a darker side.

South London is not my manor and I've probably missed some of Loretto's work.  For someone so talented, it's surprising there is so little information about this artist.  More, please.

CERAMIC HEAD BY GILBERT HARDING GREEN

Gilbert Harding Green was head of ceramics at the Central School of Arts and Crafts between 1955 and 1971. After the war, Dora Billington had built the ceramics department, with Harding Green's assistance, into the most innovative and liberal in the country. At that time the Royal College of Art was teaching design for the pottery industry, Farnham was very traditional and Camberwell was undistinguished. At the Central there was cross fertilization between disciplines and pottery students could work with Eduardo Poalozzi, William Turnbull or Alan Davie. Paolozzi was based in the textiles department, where Terence Conran was studying. The Central was one of the first art schools to teach Basic Design, a generic and analytic approach to both painting and design, derived from the Bauhaus course, that eventually shaped the foundation course in British art schools.

Harding Green took over the department on Billington's retirement and developed it - "beyond recognition" was her approving verdict.  He expanded into the school's new building, and, post-Coldstream, steered the course into the Diploma in Art and Design. His students included Ruth Duckworth, John Colbeck, Robin Welch, Eileen Nisbet, Richard Slee, Alison Britton and Andrew Lord.

Gilbert Harding Green with a student in the early 1960s. 

(Central Saint Martins Museum Collection)

Billington and Harding Green subsumed their artistic careers in teaching, Harding Green the moreso. Harding Green's origins were exotic.  Born in 1906, he was the illegitimate offspring of  aristocratic parents, his mother English and his father Dutch or Russian according to differing accounts. Most of his childhood and youth were spent abroad, much of it in Italy.  He told one of his students that, while living in the Vatican, he wandered into a room and looked idly into a chest of drawers, which he discovered to be full of marble penises. In his twenties he traveled in Brazil and learned Portuguese.  He studied sculpture under John Skeaping and Frank Dobson at the Central School in the 1930s and turned to pottery.  Of the little work by him that still exists, most is totally original and does not derive from any obvious ceramic tradition.  In 1938 he became Billington's assistant, beating off competition from Henry Hammond, who went on to head the pottery department at Farnham, and Moira Forsyth, who is now better known for her stained glass.

I recently saw this sculpted head in clay by Harding Green, which he exhibited at the Royal Academy with the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society in 1938.  A review of the exhibition said "It held me by its stark truth and brute ugliness - the hard smileless mouth, the hollow cheeks and buried eyes, the repaired nose, the punched ears, and the imbecilic slope of the forehead, and these inelegant features were mercilessly gripped with economy of effort and absolute certainty."  The subject was far removed from the artist's life.  He was a man of wide culture and elegant taste who would attend the ceramics classes in the Central School in a suit, tie and cufflinks, always ready to advise students on a good restaurant or to give away complimentary theatre tickets that he had managed to get hold of.

MANUALS FOR POTTERS

A comment often made by 20^th century studio potters is that they embarked upon their craft without any books to guide them. George Cox’s "Pottery for Artists, Craftsmen and teachers" (1914) and Dora Billington’s "The Art of the Potter" (1937) are singled out as exceptions.

Cox, who trained with Richard Lunn at the Royal College of Art, came from an Arts and Crafts background and his medievalising approach to the craft can be seen from his frontispiece (above). The book’s usefulness was limited by his indifference to science: “To the artist craftsman, for whom chiefly this book is intended, a little scientific knowledge is a dangerous thing; for that reason no great stress is laid on formulas and analysis. Unless thoroughly understood they are a hindrance rather than an aid.”

Billington’s book, in Oxford University Press's Little Craft Books series, combined historical and practical information and is the most well-known of the early guides. Fred Burridge said in the preface, “The revival of the crafts is one of the most marked elements in the present social and economic development of this country. Increasing numbers of people are practising them with success and there are admirable text-books for the worker. Hitherto, however, nothing has been written that, in simple form, will help the public to knowledge and understanding of the crafts in which their interest is awakened. The Little Crafts Books are published as a response to this interest.”

There were, however, earlier manuals that studio potters could have made use of. Many served the amateur pottery painting craze of the 1870s, 80s and 90s, but others, particularly those published after 1900, gave a good grounding in pottery making technique and they show that the secrecy commonly supposed to surround potters’ recipes and practices was not universal.

Two books known to Billington and to Dora Lunn, another pottery pioneer, were Charles Binns’s “The Manual of Practical Potting” (1901) and Taxile Doat’s “Grand Feu Ceramics” (1905). Binns was British; Doat, at one time employed at Sèvres, was an innovator in high temperature art wares. Both moved to the USA where their careers flourished. Binns has a claim to share with Bernard Leach the title “Father of Studio Pottery”.

Under Binns’s influence there was a major change in art pottery. He wrote: “Certain occupations or so-called crafts have offered easy paths to the unlearned and in consequence, the country has been flooded by the product.” These occupations consisted in copying, and among them he listed china painting, but there was now a feeling that one should create. “This feeling has caused china-painting to give place to pottery-making. The former consisted in buying finished china and painting upon it with ready prepared colors using, probably, some published design or drawing. Some of the work done under these conditions was, and is, good, even excellent … The fact remains that the bulk of the work was copying of the poorest quality. … But the best of these are now looking toward clay as a creative and expressive medium. In ready-made china there is bound to be some deficiency. The artist is by nature exacting and this purchased piece does not entirely please. It cannot be altered, however, and it is this or nothing. Thus the artistic instinct is violated, the standard lowered and one feels like a caged bird beating its ineffectual wings against prison bars. When, however, the attempt is made to work in the clay itself, liberty is found.” Similar changes were occurring in Britain under the influence of W. B. Dalton, principal of Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts and a potter of considerable talent, and Richard Lunn, who taught at Camberwell as well as the RCA.

Here’s a list of some early manuals published before Billington’s "The Art of the Potter".

n.d.	J.C.Beard, Painting on China. What to paint and how to paint it
1813	Samuel Fletcher, A treatise on the art of enamel painting on porcelain etc.
1854	D. Lardner, "The potter's art", in Museum of Science and Art
1860	E.L.Archer, Porcelain Painting. A practical treatise for the use of amateurs
1864	M.D. Magner, M.D. Nouveau manuel complet de porcelainier, faiencier poterie terre
1866	E.J.Leyshon, Operative potter
1866	M.E.F.Rebouilleau, Manuel de la pientre sur verre, sur porcellaine, etc.
1873	T.J.Gallick and John Timbs, Painting popularly explained. (Inc. painting on pottery)
1873	Sidney T. Whiteford, A guide to Porcelain Painting
1877	William Morris, The Lesser Arts.( Not normally treated as a manual on pottery-making, but Morris expressed characteristically firm views on how pottery should and should not be made.)
1877	Amy E. Black, Practical Guide to Pottery Painting
1877	Mary Louise McLaughlin, China painting
1877	S.W.Tilton, Designs and instructions for decorating pottery
1877	Madame Brasier de laVanguyon, Guide to painting on porcelain and earthenware
1878	M.C.Lockwood, Hand-book of ceramic art
1878	George Ward Nichols, Pottery
1879	Hancock, E. Campbell, The Amateur Pottery and Glass Painter
1879	John C. L. Sparkes, A Handbook to the Practice of Pottery Painting
1879	Louis Celibiere, Traite elementaire de pientre en ceramique
1880	Charles A. Janvier, Practical Keramics for Students,
1880	A. Chaivignne, Traite de decorations sur porcelaine et faience
1880	M.L.McLaughlin, Pottery decoration under the glaze
1880	E. Delamardelle and Goupilfesquet (Frédéric Auguste Antoine), Practical Lessons in Painting on China, Porcelain, Earthenware, Faience and Enamel
1881	H.R.Robertson, Painting on china, terra cotta, oil and water colour
1882	J.C.Beard, Painting on china. Practical instruction in overglaze painting in the decoration of hard porcelain
1882	W.Harvey, China painting its principles and practice
1882	William Backshell, Practical guide to painting with colours on china and terracotta
1883	Florence Lewis Cassell, China Painting,
1883	Colibert. Terra-cotta painting with practical hints on mixing colours
1883	Robert T. Hill, Porcelain painting after the Dresden method
1884	M.L.McLaughlin, M.L. Suggestions to china painters
1883	Fred Miller, Pottery and Glass Painting
1885	Fred Miller, Pottery Painting
1885	Susan Ann Frackleton, Tried by Fire
1886	Henri Mayeaux, A Manual of decorative composition
1888	G.Leland, The minor arts. (inc.porcelain painting etc.)
1891	Maxwell, Wm. H, The use of clay in schools
1892	L.Beard and A.B.Beard, The American girl’s handy book.  (inc. clay modelling and china painting)
1892	Aug. Klimke, Anleitung zum malen auf Porzellanu
1896	L. Vance-Phillips, Book of the china painter
1897	Felix Hermann, Painting on glass and porcelain and enamel painting
1898	Charles Fergus Binns, The Story of the Potter
1899-1920	Keramic Studio. A magazine for the china painter, potter and student of design.
1901	Charles Fergus Binns, Ceramic technology
1901	Charles Fergus Binns, The Manual of Practical Potting
1903	Richard Lunn, Pottery: a hand-book of practical pottery for art teachers and students (Vol. I)
1904	Mary White, How To Make Pottery
1905	Taxile Doat. Grand Feu Ceramics.
1908	Katherine Morris Lester, Clay Work
1910	Charles Fergus Binns, The Potter’s Craft
1910	Frederick Hurten Rhead, Studio Pottery
1910	Richard Lunn, Pottery (Vol. II)
1914	George Cox, Pottery for Artists, Craftsmen and teachers
1921	Alfred B. Searle, The Clayworker’s Hand-book
1925	Wilfrid Norton, The Art of the Potter
1927	Henry and Denise Wren, Handicraft Pottery,
1928	Denise Wren, Handcraft Pottery for Workshop and School
1931	Dora Lunn, Pottery in the Making,
1932	Denise Wren, Pottery: The Finger Build Methods
1932	Harry Barnard, Peeps at The Art of the Potter
1934	Gordon Mitchell Forsyth, The Art and Craft of the Potter
1934	Dora Billington, “Pottery” in Davide C. Minter (ed.) Modern Home Crafts
1935	Gordon Mitchell Forsyth, M. P. Bisson, F. Jefferson Graham, W. Hartley, Pottery, Clay Modelling, and Plaster Casting
1937	Dora Billington, The Art of the Potter

The size of the pottery-painting craze can be judged from the increase in the number of manuals and guides published in the 1870s and 1880s: 5 between 1850 and 1869, 29 between 1870 and 1889, 12 between 1890 and 1909 and 7 between 1910 and 1929.  My list may not be comprehensive, but the trend is unmistakable. It was between 1910 and 1929 that studio pottery emerged in Britain (although were parallel movements in France and the USA that we insular Brits tend to overlook), and so it is understandable that the pioneers felt they were in a new land without maps. The manuals published after 1900 tended to be more about clay and less about painting than those of the 1870s and 1880s.  I have found 7 manuals from the 1930s, where my survey ends.  In 1940 Bernard Leach published "A Potter's Book", a revolution in craft pottery, based on Japanese and English country pottery rather than Stoke-on-Trent and the drawing room. Leach inspired a generation of potters, amateur and professional, and in the 1960s, 70s and 80s the number of pottery manuals increased again, most in the Leach tradition, and more books were published than ever before.